This publication examines one of the most significant yet underexplored challenges of the global energy transition: the growing shift from dependence on fossil fuels to dependence on critical minerals and materials. While Oman has made substantial progress toward renewable energy and green hydrogen under Vision 2040, long-term success will depend not only on deploying clean energy technologies but also on securing resilient mineral supply chains, developing domestic industrial capabilities, and establishing circular economy systems. The publication highlights the strategic opportunity for Oman to move beyond raw mineral extraction toward value-added processing, manufacturing, and recycling, thereby strengthening energy security, enhancing economic diversification, and enhancing industrial competitiveness. Ultimately, it presents a strategic perspective on aligning mineral resources, industrial policy, and clean energy ambitions to support the development of a resilient, competitive, and sustainable green economy.